Artificial Intelligence: Progress and Impact
Artificial Intelligence (abbreviated AI), 10 years ago may still be a joke in society.
Now if you realize it, the term AI is trending and pioneering everywhere. The term AI can be said to be a cool buzzword in business and industry circles. Meanwhile, for young people, AI is closely associated with science fiction films such as Ex Machina, wherein the film a robot shaped like a human appears.
What exactly is AI and how does it work? How are the history and development so far? Can AI take over our world? Are there any special ethics/rules in developing the technology? Let's see the full explanation and review!
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial intelligence or Artificial Intelligence (AI) is intelligence added by humans to a technological system, organized and developed in a scientific context, formed from the intelligence of existing scientific entities.
The following is the definition of artificial intelligence according to experts:
John McCarthy, 1956
Artificial intelligence is an attempt to model human thought processes and design machines to imitate human behavior.
Herbert Simon, 1987
Artificial intelligence is a place for research, applications, and instructions related to computer programming in doing something that according to human view is intelligent.
Rich and Knight, 1991
Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers capable of doing things that humans can do better today.
Note:
So basically the definition of AI can continue to be developed, but the main point is how humans create technology that is able to think like humans themselves. What are some examples of artificial intelligence? Read more!
Types of Artificial Intelligence
AI is not only in the form of robots that resemble humans. You need to know what types of technology are classified as AI. Basically, there are 3 types, namely:
Symbol-manipulating AI
This AI works with abstract symbols. Symbol-manipulating AI is one of the most experimental types.
The essence of the experiment is that humans are reconstructed at a hierarchical and logical level. The information is processed from above, then it works with human/developer readable symbols, the connections are abstract and the conclusions are logical.
Neural AI
This type of AI was very popular among computer scientists in the late 80's. With Neural AI, knowledge is not represented through symbols, but rather in artificial neurons and their connections a kind of reconstructed brain.
The accumulated knowledge is then broken down into small parts (called neurons) and then connected and built into groups.
Well, this approach is known as the bottom-up method that works from the bottom. Unlike the Symbol-manipulating AI, the author first described.
Thus, the nervous system must be trained and stimulated so that the neural network can accumulate experience and grow in order to accumulate greater knowledge.
Neural Networks
Neural Networks are organized into layers that are connected to each other via simulation. The topmost layer is the input layer, which functions as a sensor. The sensor in question is the recipient of information that will process and pass it on to the system.
There are at least two systems — or more than twenty layers in a large system — hierarchically arranged layers.
The layers send and classify information over the connection. At the very bottom is the output layer, which generally has the least number of artificial neurons.
Are you having trouble understanding it? The author will give a simple explanation:
At its core how AI works is based on the foundation of machine learning. What does machine learning mean? That is, a system builds knowledge from experience. Well, that process makes the system have the ability to detect patterns and rules, quickly and accurately.
History and Development of Artificial Intelligence
Discussion of the history of AI can not be separated from the figure of John McCarthy. He is called the “Father of AI”, although related experiments have existed since computers were invented.
McCarthy earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in September 1948. It was from his college years that he began to develop his interest in machines that could imitate human thinking. McCarthy then continued his education to a doctoral program at Princeton University.
Since school, he is known to have above-average intelligence. Based on a review from The Guardian, it is known that as a teenager McCarthy could even master calculus lessons without guidance from a teacher.
McCarthy later founded two artificial intelligence research institutes. The two AI institutions are the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. McCarthy is also a lecturer at the two internationally renowned universities.
In these institutions, AI development innovations have emerged which include the fields of human skills, vision, listening, reasoning, and movement of limbs. Even one of the institutions that were founded, Stanford Artificial Intelligence had received financial assistance from the Pentagon to create space technologies.
What about Indonesia itself? Although no Indonesian scientist has yet produced artificial intelligence findings that are truly recognized in the eyes of the world, young people like Digital Nativ continue to innovate with technology, even combining elements of art and nature.
World Taken Over by Artificial Intelligence (?)
In July 2017, tech news was quite shocking with news that Facebook stopped its experiments after one of the staff discovered that two of their AI programs were communicating with each other in a language of their own creation that humans couldn't understand.
Only the two programs understand each other's messages.
The horror that the development of AI may be on par with human intelligence, even beyond human intelligence itself, also that there are negative implications of AI for humanity in the future ⎼ is actually not only voiced by ordinary people.
Scientists who are recognized in the world such as Stephen Hawking also had the same opinion. So, the problem with AI is not just an artificial idea in science fiction films like The Matrix.
Why? You must have read the author's explanation in the Types of Artificial Intelligence section about how AI works.
From there we know that the atoms in AI can evolve continuously to produce truly comprehensive knowledge and ultimately able to carry out an action that AI considers necessary to do (based on the accumulated knowledge).
However, scientists can certainly control it with super tight supervision. Well, the problem is how scientists limit themselves. This is why a consensus on the ethics of AI development needs to be seriously considered.
Journal of Artificial Intelligence
The author recommends that you read the following two PDF documents, to better understand the issue of AI development ethics:
The Etchics of Artificial Intelligence Cambridge University Press
The Etchics of Artificial Intelligence is a Draft for the Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence written by Nick Bostrom Eliezer Yudkowsky.
Although this journal was created in 2011, you can get critical points of view (in English: insight) from academics who want to create a clearer and more measurable consensus on the ethics of AI development.
Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and ‘Autonomous’ Systems European Technology Commission
Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and 'Autonomous' Systems were created as a result of the agreement of the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies (EGE) in March this year, 2018. There will be key questions to be discussed, along with a discussion of the framework (framing) related to the ethics of AI development.
AI Euphoria in the Industrial Sector and the Fate of the Workforce
As the author said in the introduction to the article, the industrial sector has recently been filled with euphoria to welcome AI. Business news is pretty much colored by the pride of various industries in utilizing advanced AI technology.
The workers also reacted to it, some were optimistic that AI would not take over their land of work, some were pessimistic and tended to panic.
Why are workers panicking? A simple example of a bread factory that used to use human power in packaging bread, is now of course if production in large quantities uses machine power.
The goal of such automation technology is indeed accuracy and efficiency. But it doesn't stop there, with the development of AI, smart robots may replace workers in various fields of work.
So what? Yes, thus, human livelihoods are reduced, human sources of income are also reduced. However, it is possible for human workers to do other things to earn income.
Unfortunately, chances are, the replacement job will be tedious and low-paying. That's the schematic depicted at a glance.
Is this really possible? Please check Primer.ai. The job as a researcher alone can be replaced by AI. Then what can we do? Relying on the government for control is often the attitude of workers, waiting for clarity and a response from the authorities.
But we must realize as workers and as whole human beings, we have the power to control the situation if we join together to agree on the right view, that really, as advanced as technology is, humans are irreplaceable.
The main actors or stars of the existing technological revolution are not the findings, but we as working humans who really live with pure intelligence and creativity.
We certainly must not submit to inanimate objects. Do not let us be consumed by the agenda of investors and businessmen who want to make us feel so dependent on their fate on power/their findings.
This advanced technology indeed makes our work easier, but it cannot replace our passion for work which also contains unlimited creativity and its own aesthetic value. These are all that make us called living, not inanimate objects.
Conclusion
By reading this article, you can find out what AI is, its history, and its development.
Not only that, but we have also shown the author's point of view on how the development of this technological sophistication has become problematic. What do you think? Please share your opinion in the comments column.
