Welcome to Science Lovers ... Well buddy, this time we will discuss about SPERM, namely Definition Sperm, Sperm Structure, Proces...
Welcome to Science Lovers ...
Well buddy, this
time we will discuss about SPERM, namely Definition Sperm, Sperm Structure,
Process formation of sperm, sperm analysis, and abnormalities in sperm.
Immediately, we entered into discussion.
Sperm are cells
derived from the male reproductive system. Cells that will fertilize the ovum
(egg cells in women) that occur within the female reproductive system. Sperm
and ovum is the forerunner of a person who is in the womb, whether it is male
or female.
Sperm cells shaped like
a tadpole the size of 5 x 3 μm and has a tail length of 50 μm, which is
composed of three parts, namely the head, neck and tail, and this cell will
move to reach the ovum. Sperm cell consists of several enzymes in order to
survive and penetrate the ovum, and also contained in the mitochondria which
serves as the energy that can move the tail of the sperm to move forward.
These sperm are
brought together semen (sperm) when expelled (ejaculated) through the hole
urethra of the penis, which in turn will lead to the vagina to perform its main
function, namely as a function of reproduction also breeding humans and
animals, with the ability of sperm to penetrate the outer layers of the ovum
resulting in fertilization (conception)
STRUCTURE OF SPERM
Sperm consists of
three parts, namely:
1. Head
Oval-shaped sperm
head, containing the nucleus (core), the nucleus contains DNA or genetic
information that will be passed later. At the head of the sperm also are
enzymes, such as hyaluronidase enzyme, whose function is to penetrate the ovum
koronaradiata layer, and akrosin enzyme that penetrates the zona pellucida.
2. Midpiece
The middle part of
the sperm is wrapped by the mitochondria which is the source of energy for the
sperm. Which of these mitochondria have a total of 11 pieces of microtubules
and ATP-ASE has to hydrolyze ATP, thus forming Emergo.
3. Tail
Sperm tail in the
form of flagella (locomotor) form the cytoskeleton of the length that serves to
propel the sperm forward, with speed 30 inches / hour.
SPERM PROCESSING
FORM
Called
spermatogenesis sperm formation that occurs within the seminiferous tubules,
which originated from spermatogonia located in seminiferous tubules.
Seminiferous tubules found in the spaces within the thesis (lobules testes).
One testicle has approximately 250 testicular lobules.
Sperm formation is
regulated by the hormonal system, the hormone LH (Luteinizing Hormone) which is
located in the anterior pituitary function is to stimulate the cells Leyding
produce testosterone, which testosterone is functioning in the division germ
cells (spermatogenesis) and also as a driver for growth of the nature of sex
secondary, like the mustache, beard, chest-shaped fields, and also hair
distribution other place. Then there are the hormones FSH (Follicle Stimulating
Hormone) which stimulate Sertoli to form ABP (Androgen Binding Protein), which
makes spermatogonia to begin the process of spermatogenesis, Sertoli also
serves to feed the spermatozoa. FSH functions also include its role in
spermiogenesis process, ie the change of spermatids into sperm. Furthermore,
there is also a role of GH (Growth Hormone) which set the initial division of
spermatogonia.
Spermatozoa
formation stage consists of three phases, namely:
1.
Spermatositogenesis
This process is the
stage where spermatogonia undergo mitosis and become primary spermatocytes.
Spermatogonia are diploid (2n) or contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Primary
spermatocytes are formed also diploid (2n).
2. Meiosis
After the primary
spermatocytes are formed, then the cytoplasm formed also more and more, and a
process of meiosis. Primary spermatocytes turned into secondary spermatocytes
that are haploid (n) chromosomes. Then the secondary spermatocytes divide again
in the process of meiosis II and formed again n chromosomes, thus forming four
haploid spermatids that are also (n).
3. Spermiogenesis
This process
represents a change of spermatids into spermatozoa (sperm cells mature).
Spermatids were initially shaped like epithelial cells are simple, the process
is undergoing a significant transformation, which experienced a lengthening
forming a clear structure of the sperm, which has a head, midpiece and tail.
Mature sperm will be
released through the meatus urethra (the tube in the penis) with a liquid
produced by the glands seminal vesicles in the form of semen thick, contains
fructose, ascorbic acid, enzyme coagulation (vesikulase) and prostaglandin.
Furthermore, sperm mixed with fluid from the prostate gland which is a liquid
such as milk is a bit of citric acid, and also the enzyme PSA (prostate
specific antigen), the liquid plays a role in the activation of the sperm and
the numbers too much, reaching 1/3 the volume of the cement ( semen). And the
last one sperm is mixed with a liquid that is produced by the Cowper's glands
(bulbourethra), which form a thick mucoid fluid, translucent color, which
neutralizes the acid residual urine in the urethra channel. After it was all
mixed, then was ejaculated semen through the urethra meatus.
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| Spermatogenesis |
DISORDERS OF SPERM
To determine abnormalities
in sperm, necessary to check directly and also examination under a microscope,
this examination is called the "sperm analysis". Sperm analysis done
by examining sperm usually issued by way of masturbation or coitus
(intercourse) is disconnected. Ejaculated sperm in a clean container capacity
and do not react to anything on sperm, which is commonly used is the size of
50-100 ml test tubes or glass. Then the place closed to avoid contamination.
Before we discuss
the abnormalities found in the sperm, which usually leads to infertility
(sterility), it should be noted in advance the limits of normal sperm, sperm
characteristics normally called Normozoospermia.
Macroscopically
sperm analysis aims to observe:
1. Liquefaction
Sperm viscous melt
(liquefaction) at room temperature within 15-20 minutes. This happens because
of the minimum enzyme produced by the prostate gland. When the new sperm
ejaculated appear directly dilute, meaning there are abnormalities of the
bladder seminalis it. If the
sperm after 20 minutes is not also melting, then there are abnormalities in the
coagulation system it is on seminin enzyme produced by the prostate gland
2. Volume
Normal sperm volume
is 2-3 ml. Volume is more than 8 ml called hiperspermia typically caused by
excessive activity by the prostate gland, and can also be caused by hormonal
imbalance commonly caused by drugs. While the volume is less than 1 ml called
hipospermia typically caused by too frequent ejaculation, and also due to the
obstruction of the seminal vesica (narrowed).
3. The smell of
sperm
Sperm are very
distinctive odor, which is like the smell of acacia flowers. This odor is
caused by the oxidation of spearmint, which is an aliphatic polyamine produced
by the prostate gland. Abnormalities such as infection can make the sperm into
a stench.
4. pH
Normal pH in sperm
is from 7.2 to 7.8. Low pH commonly occurs because of abnormalities in the
prostate gland, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and contamination with urine.
5. Color sperm
Normal sperm color
is white turbid and slightly grayish. Abnormalities in sperm color can be
caused by infection of the genital tract, which can cause the color to yellow.
Color sperm can also be red if there is bleeding in the genital tract.
6. Viscosity
(viscosity)
Viscosity in the
sperm can be checked by touching the sperm with a stirrer, then formed normally
yarn length is 3-5 cm. If the viscosity is more than the normal limit,
abnormalities can be found in the number of sperm cells is too much, interference
liquefaction, and under the influence of drugs.
Microscopic analysis
of sperm, obtained:
1. The number of
sperm
The number of normal
sperm cells was 200 million / ml.
Sperm cell count of
less than 20 million / ml is called with oligozoospermia
When not found
spermatozoa in sperm cells are examined, it is called with azospermia, whereas
if it did not ejaculate sperm can happen to a person, it is called with
Aspermia.
2. Sperm Morphology
In this examination,
it was noted about the size, shape, and appearance of the sperm cells. Where
should be more than 50% of the cells were examined appear normal in size,
shape, and length. Forms of abnormal sperm can be found as part of his damaged
parts, such as the head, midpiece, and tail.
If normal sperm
morphology which comprise less than 30%, then called teratozoospermia.
3. Sperm motility
Motility (movement)
of normal sperm will move forward in a straight line with good speed, normally,
the number of normal sperm cells engaged and active within 1 hour after
ejaculation reaches more than 50%
According to WHO,
the motility of sperm were classified into four levels, namely:
Class A: Sperm move forward quickly in a
straight line
Class B: Sperm are moving forward but in a
curved or wavy lines, or in a straight line but slow
Class C: Sperm that move the tail, but not
moving forward
Class
D: sperm are not moving at all.
Abnormalities in
sperm motility called asthenozoospermia.
This is this post
about the definition of sperm, sperm structure, process of formation of sperm,
sperm analysis, and abnormalities in sperm, may be useful for my friend and
could add to the knowledge of friends all of them.
