VARIOUS SORTS OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Well buddy, this time we will discuss
about the Various Kinds of Theory of Evolution. Previous buddy may be
interested to read the article first introduction, the definition and mechanism
of evolution to create more understanding friend. Well now we will go into the
explanation.
Theories of Evolution
The theory of evolution explains the
development of life of living beings from simple level to a more complex level
proposed by some scientists with concepts and ideas that are different. The
theory of evolution is still continues to be a hot topic discussed and
continues to experience growth over time. Here are some of the theory of
evolution put forward by the experts.
1) The theory of evolution Aristotle
(384-322 BC)
Aristotle is a philosopher and originator
of the theory of evolution comes from the Greek. Who put forward the theory of
evolution known as the theory of abiogenesis. The theory holds that the first
living things on earth are dead or inanimate objects that occur spontaneously,
such as fish and frogs that came from mud, worms from the ground, and the
maggots which comes from decaying meat.
Aristotle's theory Explains the principle
of the development of living organisms and their habitats from the simple stage
to the stage of the complex.
b. The theory of evolution Empedoclas
(495-435 BC)
A Greek philosopher who claimed that the
evolution of life is derived from the black mud that gets light from matahri
and turned into living beings. Evolution occurs with the start of simple living
things evolved into a perfect and eventually become diverse.
c. The theory of evolution Anaximander
(500 BC)
Similarly, Aristotle, Anaximander also a
philosopher of Greek origin. In theory he states that humans originated from
aquatic creatures like fish and experience the process of evolution.
d. The theory of evolution Count de
Buffon (1707-1788)
Buffon argued that evolution is the
variations that occur because of the influence of natural surroundings, causing
hoarding inherited variations.
e. Erasmus Darwin's theory of evolution
(1731-1802)
Erasmus Darwin was a British figure
opposing Lamarck's theory of evolution in his book Zoonamia. In theory, he
argued that evolution occurs as a functional part of the stimulation is
inherited.
f. The theory of evolution George Cuvier
(1769-1832)
Cuvier did not contribute ideas about the
theory of evolution directly. However, Cuvier support Catatropism theory which
states that living things every strata no kinship, because every strata formed
by natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and droughts. If the strata
dissipated by the disaster, a new strata will emerge with new living things
that move from other areas.
Of fossil findings, Cuvier found living
creatures in the top layer of the earth will be very different from the Earth's
living creatures on the bottom layer.
g. The theory of evolution Sir Charles
Lyell (1797-1875)
Lyell is a scientist from Scotland who
expressed his opinion about the evolution in his book Principles of Geology. He
stated that the earth's surface is formed through a gradual process in the long
term.
h. The theory of evolution Jean Baptiste
de Lamarck (1744-1892)
Lamarck's theory of evolution to explain
that living things are the levels of development of life, and man is at the
peak of the development. In that sense, there will be no living creature will
emerge and be at a higher level in the future.
In his book entitled Philosopic, Lamarck
expressed his opinion regarding the evolution consisting of three points,
namely:
- The environment has an influence on the characteristics and properties inherited through a process of environmental adaptation.
- Characteristics and properties that form will be passed on to offspring.
- Organs are often used to grow large, and are rarely used organ will experience shrinkage / short. Examples are given Lamarck the giraffe. According to him, initially short neck giraffe. However, because the giraffe diet consists of leaves located high force giraffe trying to reach them. So that over time, as a process adaptation giraffe's neck would undergo elongation.
Lamarck's theory was opposed by Erasmus.
Erasmus thought that the giraffe's neck some short and some are long.
i. The theory of evolution Charles Robert
Darwin (1809-1882)
As the father of evolution, Charles
Darwin's name certainly is not foreign. Before his ideas on evolution
published, Darwin first been set sail to the Galapagos Islands and observe a
wide variety of finches that have a wide variety of beak shape. Apparently, the
morphological differences indicate a kinship with birds in the United States.
In preparing the related ideas of
evolutionary theory, Darwin linked the results of his research with the opinion
of Thomas Robert Malthus and Alfred Russel Wallace's theory of evolution has
been described in the previous point. Thomas Robert Malthus wrote in his book
entitled "An Essay of the Principle of Population" that the amount of
the increase in population faster than the increase in food production. So that
living beings must continue to fight to be able to continue to survive, while
properties that do not support will disappear. This means living creature that
is able to adapt will survive and pass the natural selection.
The following Darwin's ideas based on
observations which refers to the idea of two men
- No individual of the same. Between one individual with another individual differences even in the same lineage and the difference is decreased.
- Each population will tend to multiply, because of the ability to reproduce.
- Population will continue to grow, there is a limiting factor that controls the increase in the population of food and predation.
- The number of new individuals who were born more than individuals can survive.
- Competition between individuals arise in getting food in an effort to survive.
- Natural selection resulting in the individual should be adapting to its environment. Individuals who qualify for natural selection to be able to continue to survive and pass on its properties in the offspring.
In his book The Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection, Darwin's theory of evolution Lamarck that suggests
factors that affect the development of living things towards the more complex
is the environment and will be inherited by the offspring. In his book Darwin
proposed two important things in the theory of evolution, namely:
Species living today originate from ancestors that lived from the past
and still have differences even from the same lineage.
The development of the species affected by natural selection and
variation between populations. Examples of Darwinism is similar to the
phenomenon of Lamarck's giraffes. Viewpoint Darwin explains that initially it
is not a short-necked giraffe, but giraffes have short necks and long variants.
Both variants of the giraffe population had to compete for food that is
high-lying foliage. Giraffe short so as not to lose out in competing escaped
natural selection which eventually became extinct. Thus, the gradual alive and
escaped natural selection is the giraffe's long neck.
Darwin's theory of evolution, in
principle, explaining that the changes in all living things will continue to
happen berangsung gradually in accordance with its development from generation
to generation that leads to the formation of new species, while not able to
adapt will die and become extinct.
j. The theory of evolution Alfred Russel
Wallace (1923-1913)
Alfred developed a similar theory by
Charles Darwin. Alfred make observations about the spread of flora and fauna in
the oriental region of Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan, which have more in common
with the flora and fauna in Australia, Sulawesi, and Maluku as the transition
region.
k. The theory of evolution August
Weismann (1934-1914)
August stated that the body's cells are
not influenced by the environment in decline, but based on the principles of
genetics. To prove his theory, august conducted an experiment on two mice. Both
mice were mated with its tail cut. The result is the generation of mouse
strains are still a long tail to the generation of the 21st.
From the various opinions of experts who
have been mentioned above, have now appeared a new evolutionary theory known as
synthetic theory. This is a synthetic theory developed the modern theory of
combined theory developed by Lamarck, Darwin and Mendel's laws of inheritance
that explains that evolution occurs due to factors change gene frequency from
one generation to the next by additional factors such as synthetic mutation.
Theory utilize science paleography, molecular biology, biochemistry,
biostatistics, and other sciences that did not exist in the previous era.
Well friends, this article is about the
Various Kinds of Theory of Evolution, may increasingly making pal understand.
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